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< h1 > Private Git Repo< / h1 >
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< span class = "meta" > Posted by
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< a href = "https://captainark.net/author/antoine-joubert.html" > Antoine Joubert< / a >
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on Sun 31 January 2016
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< p > I've decided to migrate this blog to < a href = "http://blog.getpelican.com/" > Pelican< / a > . I've been playing around with it over the week-end, and it turns out to be way easier to manage than < a href = "https://jekyllrb.com/" > Jekyll< / a > . Themes are much easier to install and configure, so it ends up looking better as well !< / p >
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< p > Since I'm basically recreating this blog from scratch, I've decided to delete the old git repo that was hosting it and to create a new one.< / p >
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< p > Setting up your own private git repo is pretty easy to achieve and is already well-documented on the < a href = "https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-on-the-Server-Setting-Up-the-Server" > Git< / a > website.< / p >
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< p > Every time I want to create a new repo, I've had time to forget how to do it and I end up looking for that page, so I figured I'd write a few lines on the subject.< / p >
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< p > In this tutorial, I'll configure a git repo on a distant server running Debian 8 (Jessie). This repo will be remotely accessible using SSH. Two users will be able to connect to it : me and the www-data user on my webserver.< / p >
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< h2 > SSH Keys< / h2 >
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< p > If you don't have one already, you'll need a ssh-key to connect to the git repo.< / p >
< p > On your computer, in a shell, as your usual user :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 3072
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Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key < span class = "o" > (< / span > /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa< span class = "o" > )< / span > :
Enter passphrase < span class = "o" > (< / span > empty < span class = "k" > for< / span > no passphrase< span class = "o" > )< / span > :
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/user/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
< span class = "o" > [< / span > Redacted< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
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< p > For security reasons, configuring a passphrase is recommended. On Mac OS X and most desktop environnements on Linux, you can store this passphrase for the duration of your session using the < code > ssh-add< / code > command, so you won't have to type it every time you want to connect to a host.< / p >
< p > On the server, we also have to create a ssh-key for the user that is running our webserver (you'll need to have sudo installed) :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > sudo -H -u www-data ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 3072
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Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key < span class = "o" > (< / span > /var/www/.ssh/id_rsa< span class = "o" > )< / span > :
Enter passphrase < span class = "o" > (< / span > empty < span class = "k" > for< / span > no passphrase< span class = "o" > )< / span > :
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/www/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/www/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
< span class = "o" > [< / span > Redacted< span class = "o" > ]< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< p > If you decide to configure a passphrase for that ssh-key, you'll have to type it every time you'll want to pull from your repo.< / p >
< h2 > Server management< / h2 >
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< p > All of the commands in this section have to be run as root.< / p >
< p > First thing first, we have to install the git package on the server that will be hosting our git repos :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > apt update < span class = "o" > & & < / span > apt install git -y
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< / pre > < / div >
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< p > Then, we have to create a user named git :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > useradd -s /usr/bin/git-shell -m -r git
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< / pre > < / div >
< p > This will create a system user (UID < 1000) with a /home/git home directory. If you want to host your git repos somewhere else on your filesystem, you should add a < code > -d /home/directory/for/git< / code > in the previous command.< / p >
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< p > This user will use the git-shell shell. This limits remote connection to that user to git commands (like the rssh shell can limit remote connection to a user to scp or rsync commands).< / p >
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< p > We have to configure our system to allow the use of this shell :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nb" > echo< / span > < span class = "s1" > ' /usr/bin/git-shell' < / span > > > /etc/shells
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< / pre > < / div >
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< p > From this point, you should have to following output if you try to SSH to your server with that user :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > ssh git@git.captainark.net
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fatal: Interactive git shell is not enabled.
hint: ~/git-shell-commands should exist and have < span class = "nb" > read< / span > and execute access.
Connection to git@git.captainark.net closed.
< / pre > < / div >
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< p > We now need to create the .ssh/authorized_keys file for the git user with the correct permissions :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > sudo -H -u git mkdir /home/git/.ssh < span class = "o" > & & < / span > chmod < span class = "m" > 700< / span > /home/git/.ssh
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sudo -H -u git touch /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys < span class = "o" > & & < / span > chmod < span class = "m" > 600< / span > /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys
< / pre > < / div >
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< p > You can now copy/paste the content of the two < code > $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub< / code > files we've created earlier using the < code > ssh-keygen< / code > command in < code > /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys< / code > .< / p >
< p > The last thing we have to do is to create our first git repo. In this example, my project will be called 'captainarkdotnet' as it will be hosting this blog :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > sudo -H -u git mkdir /home/git/captainarkdotnet.git
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< span class = "nb" > cd< / span > /home/git/captainarkdotnet.git
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sudo -H -u git git init --bare
< / pre > < / div >
< p > The last command should give you the following output :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > Initialized empty Git repository in /home/git/captainarkdotnet.git/.git/
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< / pre > < / div >
< p > We're done with the server configuration. Let's now actually push stuff to our repo !< / p >
< h3 > Initial push< / h3 >
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< p > The files for my blog are store in the ~/Documents/projects/captainarkdotnet on my computer. Before doing anything else, we first have to make sure that we currently are in that folder :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nb" > cd< / span > ~/Documents/projects/captainarkdotnet
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< / pre > < / div >
< p > Let's now push the content of that folder to our repo :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > git init
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git add .
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git commit -m < span class = "s1" > ' initial commit' < / span >
git remote add origin git@git.captainark.net:captainarkdotnet.git
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git push origin master
< / pre > < / div >
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< p > Please note that you'll need to edit < strong > git.captainark.net< / strong > to the FQDN or IP of your git server, and < strong > captainarkdotnet.git< / strong > to the name of the git project on your server.< / p >
< p > If everything went well, the last command should give you the following output :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > Counting objects: 69, < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
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Delta compression using up to < span class = "m" > 4< / span > threads.
Compressing objects: 100% < span class = "o" > (< / span > 64/64< span class = "o" > )< / span > , < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
Writing objects: 100% < span class = "o" > (< / span > 69/69< span class = "o" > )< / span > , 1.01 MiB < span class = "p" > |< / span > < span class = "m" > 0< / span > bytes/s, < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
Total < span class = "m" > 69< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > delta 15< span class = "o" > )< / span > , reused < span class = "m" > 0< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > delta 0< span class = "o" > )< / span >
To git@git.captainark.net:captainarkdotnet.git
* < span class = "o" > [< / span > new branch< span class = "o" > ]< / span > master -> master
< / pre > < / div >
< p > That's it, we've now pushed our first commit to our server !< / p >
< h2 > First pull< / h2 >
< p > Alright, time to pull the files we've just pushed on our webserver. I personally store my web content in < code > /var/www< / code > ; if you don't, you'll have to adjust the path accordingly :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > < span class = "nb" > cd< / span > /var/www
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sudo -H -u www-data git clone git@git.captainark.net:captainarkdotnet.git
< / pre > < / div >
< p > SSH will ask you to type 'yes' since it's the first time the www-data user connects to the server. If everything goes well, you should have the following output :< / p >
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< div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span > < / span > Cloning into < span class = "s1" > ' captainarkdotnet' < / span > ...
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remote: Counting objects: 70, < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
remote: Compressing objects: 100% < span class = "o" > (< / span > 65/65< span class = "o" > )< / span > , < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
remote: Total < span class = "m" > 70< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > delta 16< span class = "o" > )< / span > , reused < span class = "m" > 0< / span > < span class = "o" > (< / span > delta 0< span class = "o" > )< / span >
Receiving objects: 100% < span class = "o" > (< / span > 70/70< span class = "o" > )< / span > , 1.01 MiB < span class = "p" > |< / span > < span class = "m" > 0< / span > bytes/s, < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
Resolving deltas: 100% < span class = "o" > (< / span > 16/16< span class = "o" > )< / span > , < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
Checking connectivity... < span class = "k" > done< / span > .
< / pre > < / div >
< h2 > Conclusion< / h2 >
< p > That's it ! We now have a working private git repo ! I won't go into details into the git commands in this tutorial, but here's a quick overwiew of the ones I use the most :< / p >
< ul >
< li > < code > git add .< / code > recursively adds all files from the directory to the repo ;< / li >
< li > < code > git commit -a -m 'This is a comment'< / code > commits the current state of your local repo with the 'This is a comment' comment ;< / li >
< li > < code > git push< / code > pushes your commits to the distant repo ;< / li >
< li > < code > git pull< / code > pulls the latest version of the distant repo locally ;< / li >
< li > < code > git branch -av< / code > shows all available branches for the repo ;< / li >
< li > < code > git checkout -b testing remotes/origin/testing< / code > create a local 'testing' branch based on the remote 'remotes/origin/testing' branch ;< / li >
< li > once a branch has been copied locally, you can switch to it with the < code > git checkout {branch}< / code > command.< / li >
< / ul >
< p > For more information on git a command, use < code > man git-{command}< / code > !< / p >
< p > If you've found this tutorial in any way helpful, please feel free to leave a comment !< / p >
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